Abstract (eng)
This thesis aims to show on how the interpersonal relations have been influenced by both the market ideology and respective technologies. They start to resemble more the relations as we know them from the market, especially since the rise of the phenomenon of social media and social networks.
The first part of the thesis focuses on Marcel Mauss’s Theory of the exchange and his masterwork The Gift. In his essay, Mauss explores the custom of exchanging gifts, widespread in archaic societies, and how it relates to the modern society. For him, the gift is ‘a system of total services’, conceived as a transaction forming part of all human, personal relationships. This holistic view of the ritual exchange shows how the encounter between individuals happens on different levels thus making it a rather complex phenomenon. The ritual exchange is of symbolic nature, it happens in public space and its outcome is always uncertain. The ritual exchange has a lot of elements in common with game, the kind that usually contains a bet aimed to connect to the other. For Mauss, the exchange was the foundation of the social integration and a kind of a social contract in archaic societies, where the social integration is reached through reciprocal debt relations.
Furthermore, the thesis deals with the notion of homo economicus in the economic theory. It is about the vision of the lonely, isolated actors, who pursue only one goal - the utility maximization. It follows with analysing the central institutions of capitalism - the market and, in particular, the stock exchange. It shows that the stock market actually realizes the dream of an efficient market on which the actors are isolated units, not necessarily having to come into contact with each other at all. The exchange on the market is coordinated and completed purely by allocation algorithms, with its actors unaware of it. The exchange of the actors is “blind”.
In contemporary Western societies, everyday life is increasingly permeated by the exchange of the market in the form of social networks, which have been made possible by the development of technology and the ever increasing availability of the internet. Social networks are an integral part of the lives of many people today. In many respects, they are structured as exchanges, with its exchanges paralleling the structure of exchanges on the stock market. Such a formatting of human interaction, ideologically supported by the economic theory, leads to the fact that the ceremonial gift is displaced by the exchange-like interaction.
The face-to-face encounter, indispensable in the ceremonial gift, deviates from anonymisation, which is inherent in the exchange mechanisms. The social networks represent the bridging between the man of the ceremonial gift and the economic conception of homo economicus. The exchange of the actors in the social networks and their relations with one another are becoming “blind” in a similar way.
The thesis ends with a cautiously optimistic outlook on the future of interpersonal relations. Here the concept of formatting from the actor network theory is used to show that the future of interpersonal relations is indeed completely open and can be changed by new formatting.