Abstract (eng)
Knowledge-based innovation as the success of a technical or organisational novelty based on scientific knowledge currently lies at the centre of a range of arguments and programmes in science and technology policy. The aim of this dissertation is a fundamental critical philosophical reflection of knowledge in the light of innovation. The main subject of this investigation is the process of constructing opportune knowledge: how do our concepts of knowledge and knowledge creation change if innovation is at the heart of the knowledge creation process? A present change to these processes that is relevant for the praxis of innovation are new epistemic methods and innovation technologies. These methods for the automated production of knowledge-based functional systems illustrate the current trend towards increased efficiency and universal function orientation while frequently neglecting explanatory power.
Traditionally, use and usability of knowledge were central themes for only few philosophers, for example, Marx, the pragmatists and in constructivism. However, applicable knowledge and knowledge to innovate play a central role in the current science policy discourse. This discourse is still characterized by the linear model, although many authors believe to have it unmasked as a political narrative. In the technical sciences, the focus is on orientation towards purpose. Therefore, the various stages of the linear model can be readily analysed with the help of an epistemology of technology, which helps to clarify the relationship between knowledge processes in natural science and purpose-oriented technology development. In the linear model, knowledge has a central position: it intercedes between the performances of scientific insight and technical function.
This intercession and the strong orientation towards function in the context of goal-directed action can be explained using a constructivist model of knowledge processes. Such a model can help to intercede between descriptive-logotheoretical conceptions of science and techno-scientific conceptions of knowledge. It interprets knowledge as the anticipation of successful environmental interaction under the pressure to act and can also be expanded in the direction of linguistic interaction and a more traditional concept of knowledge. The central tool-character of knowledge in this model facilitates the connection of a constructivist epistemology and existential-ontological analysis that also forms the basis of new work in the philosophy of technology. Apart from the primacy of praxis, this also facilitates an explanation of the current challenging of knowledge with respect to its technical goal. Therefore, this dissertation addresses the pragmatic-political aspects in the discourse of transferring scientific results to innovation, but also the practical knowledge work of the technology scientist and different historical epistemological positions in view of constructing opportune knowledge.