Abstract (eng)
Introduction
Micronutrient malnutrition remains a difficult issue, especially in developing countries, mainly due to monotonous cereal-based diets. Information regarding the dietary status in Northern Ghana of women, infants and young children need to be understood to know if, and which course of interventions are needed. As Guabuliga, the research target, is an extremely remote village with high dependency on their harvest, the inhabitants are at a high risk of low dietary diversity, most notably the vulnerable groups that were examined. In comparison, the dietary diversity is easy to assess and proved itself to be a useful indi- cator of the probability of adequate micronutrient intake. The present study describes the minimum dietary diversity of women of reproductive age, infants, and young children. Fur- thermore, it was assessed to see if there are correlations between dietary diversity, wealth and household size.
Subjects and Methodology
This research uses a cross-sectional design for assessing the baseline data. Subjects were evaluated during the end of the rainy season in September and October. For as- sessing the minimum dietary diversity (MDD-W) among women of reproductive age, 75 women in the village between 14 and 49 years old were given a short interview about their food consumption during the last 24 hours, (qualitative 24-hours diet recall) their age, household size, current pregnancy, current child between the age of 6 and 23 months and wealth of the household. If the interviewed person had a child between 6 and 23 months, the same recall has been done for the child to assess the minimum dietary diversity of in- fants and young children (MDD-IYC). In addition, details were asked about breastfeeding (initiation and continued breastfeeding), the consumption of medicine and finally about meal frequency over the last 24 hours. The study population for the MDD-IYC and collect- ing details about the infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) consisted of 24 chil- dren. For both MDDs, 21 food groups have been created, from which a food group could have been scored with 1, if a minimum of 10 grams of an item belonging to a particular food group has been consumed, otherwise would be marked as a 2. These 21 groups of foods have been aggregated for each person. This is for a total of 10 for MDD-W and a total of 7 for MDD-IYC. For gaining more information about the diet quality of infants and young children, the minimum acceptable diet (MAD-YC) has been assessed, which in- clude
Results
The average age of the 75 interviewed women is 26.16 years with a regular MDD-W score of 3,48+/-0,96, which indicates a very low diversity because the value lies below 5, which is seen as sufficient. Only 10 women have reached the recommended intake of 5 or more food groups. No significant correlations have been observed between the dietary diversity and wealth, size of the household and amount of people who provide income in the household. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there is a significant positive associ- ation between age and dietary diversity (p=0,034). The younger the woman is, the poorer their diversity of foods.
Of the 24 children, all of them received breastmilk in their lives, half of them drank breast- milk within the initial 24 hours after birth, 40% continued to be breastfed up to one year, and none were introduced to solid, semi-solid or soft foods at the age of 6-8 months. 20% met the minimum dietary diversity, 30% received the minimum meal frequency and only 15% achieved the minimum acceptable diet.
The dietary pattern was based on starchy staples, plant foods and low consumption of an- imal source foods.
Conclusions
The dietary diversity of women of reproductive age is below the recommendation and put them at high risk of being underweight and having micronutrient deficiencies. Most espe- cially, young women tended to show poor nutrient diversity, which is fatal for reproductiv- ity. Not enough children receive breastmilk soon enough after birth, or are not breastfed long enough. Additionally, they also get introduced to solid, semi-solid or soft foods too late, don’t eat often enough and display a lack of dietary diversity.
Practical Implications
Through this study the author contributes to motivate the NGO onsite Braveaurora for cre- ating a healthier environment in Guabuliga. Moreover, guidance is offered for possible strategy tools.