Abstract (eng)
The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) plants, especially stacked events (containing at least two transgenes), is substantially increasing worldwide. Recombinant DNA techniques, such as genetic engineering, are very common in plant breeding. Genetic engineering can, like other breeding techniques, lead to unintended effects in the plant. The performance of adequate risk assessments is a very important issue to ensure biosafety. Since the first release of GM plants, several new molecular biology methods, such as next generation sequencing, were developed. These methods have the ability to provide new scientific information for GM plant risk assessments. In the era of next generation sequencing, we used this powerful tool, in addition to other appropriate molecular biology methods, to provide a deeper inside into the genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics of frequently marketed GM maize varieties. Insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant maize was investigated on different molecular levels.
We tested the genetic stability of transgenic inserts and their flanking regions, which is an essential safety criterion for the admission of GM plants in the EU. The 3´flanking region of insect-resistant maize was studied in seeds of four different MON810 maize varieties, two stacked event varieties and two single event varieties. The analyzed region included a part of the cry1ab coding region and the transition from the MON810 transgene to the genomic maize domain. Interestingly, DNA sequencing revealed some genetic variants in the recombinant cry1ab gene. The analyzed stacked events harbored markedly more variants as well as markedly higher frequencies of the variants than the analyzed single events. Since mutational hotspots can also arise through the pro-mutagenic activities of cytosine modifications such as methylation, deamination, and halogenation, we analyzed cytosine methylation patterns in the coding region. The observed methylation status was very low in all tested varieties. Therefore, a connection with the mutational hotspot was unlikely. Moreover, no significant differences were identified in the methylation status among the tested varieties or between samples with or without the mutational hotspot. These results indicate that the partial instability of the cry1ab locus is most likely not influenced by the cytosine methylation status.
We also studied herbicide-resistant maize for its genetic stability. Two stacked NK603 maize varieties were screened for mutations in the NK603 transgene and its flanking regions. Interestingly, we found two nucleotides in all sequenced samples in the rice actin 1 promoter, which were not present in the published NK603 patent. Moreover, these additional nucleotides were also present in certified NK603 reference material. These results indicated a sequencing error or a manual copy/paste error of the company that determined the patent sequence. However, it cannot be excluded that the identified insertions were introduced during crop breeding.
Furthermore, possible unintended effects of the commercial NK603 transgene were studied on transcriptomic level using high-throughput RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. Mapped reads corresponded to more than 30,000 unigenes. Transcriptome profiles of NK603 maize and near-isogenic maize were compared and differential gene expression analysis revealed 286 differentially expressed genes. Singular enrichment analysis (SEA) with the 286 differentially regulated genes was performed to filter out significantly overrepresented gene functions. SEA revealed that especially response to different stimuli, stress response, signaling pathways, and metabolic processes were significantly overrepresented among the 286 genes. The results of this study show that the transcriptomic profiles of GM plants can be significantly different from their near-isogenic non-GM comparators. Whether the 286 differentially expressed genes are mainly modified due to the NK603 transgene or more due to external factors (such as temperature or farming practice) needs to be elucidated in further experiments.
The studies performed in the frame of this PhD project addressed different biosafety issues of GM plants. The results provide valuable information for GM plant risk assessment and plant breeding companies. Given the rapid development of the biotechnology industry, the results are of vehement importance. Moreover, the approaches used for the characterization of GM plants can also be applied for the investigation of plants produced by new plant breeding techniques, which will play a crucial role in the future of agriculture.