Abstract (eng)
Which phenomenon do we specify with the expression gemmae dubitandae and how can we apply it to Bronze Age Aegean archaeology in particular? Which associated premises, working methods, and arguments are required to enhance the study of seals? This paper addresses the problem of dubitandae and the ambivalent position they maintain as artefacts between genuine and fake. Making these identities clear is particularly important in the archaeological discipline, for archaeology represents both historical and material-based research. Therefore, this paper begins by targeting the expression gemma dubitanda terminologically with emphasis on its hermeneutics, its grammar, and its origin, looking particularly at the idea of authenticity within the study of archaeology. Bronze Age Aegean seals and signet rings are especially effective artefacts for this study. Their movability (including them in their role as collectors’ items), and their iconographical and typological diversity (‘uniqueness’) are qualities that render them versatile objects, illustrative references for the field of authenticity research.
Discussing gemmae dubitandae as a topic within Minoan-Mycenaean seal studies, standard premises and patterns in how scholars cope with them can be detected. Two case studies, based on objects representative of opposed qualities, help explore them in detail: The ‘Danicourt ring’ is supposed to exemplify consent that benefits us today as a result of problematising gemmae dubitandae that puts emphasis on the significance of scholarly history in successfully discussing their biographies and discrepancies located here. The ‘Nestor ring’, on the other hand, illustrates how arguments might be utilised controversially in authenticity studies. Furthermore, its exceptionally extensive figural decoration and elaborate execution warrant a discussion of the challenges inherent in iconographical and typological comparisons, since they offer multiple points of reference within one object. The ring’s discovery, its interpretations and corresponding revisions, as well as its association with specific features of object-biographical and prosopographical data, all emphasise its quality as a particularly disputatious gemma dubitanda.
Adding further examples of Bronze Age seals, signet rings, or suspicious analoga, we can detect and analyse issues of terminology, applicability of archaeological methodology (adapted to the materialistic specifics of these artefacts), and historically-determined approaches within the problem of authenticity studies either by trying to identify fakes among them or by aiming to clarify their discussions. From investigating a forger’s expertise in fabricating fakes, to the use of the Hapax legomenon-paradigm, or by classifying missing provenience data as suspicious facts, this paper addresses common hypotheses we are challenged with when
x
engaging in the topic of Bronze Age Aegean gemmae dubitandae. These premises are problematised by examining certain reference pieces and by exploring their relevance and eligibility in the management of this issue.