Abstract (eng)
At the end of their lives, stars with masses between 0.8 and 8 solar masses (M⊙) enter an evolutionary phase called asymptotic giant branch (AGB), during which they develop intense stellar winds. AGB stars are important producers of chemical elements, created through stellar nucleosynthesis processes in the stellar interior and particularly in thin shells of hydrogen- and helium-burning. The thus created and pre-existing chemical elements form molecules and dust grains in dense and cool layers of the stellar atmosphere. Subsequently, stellar winds are driven away by radiation pressure on dust grains, dragging along molecular gas. In return, huge circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) of molecular gas and dust are formed around AGB stars. Variations in the mass-loss rate, interaction of the stellar wind with the surrounding medium or previous winds, and the gravitational influence of binary objects orbiting the star, can significantly alter the shape of the stellar outflow and CSE. Therefore, CSEs come with different geometries, containing information on the mass-loss history and dynamics of the stellar wind.
The aim of this dissertation is to study the mass-loss evolution and geometry of CSEs from AGB stars in different evolutionary phases and investigate different scenarios needed to explain the observations of a small sample of AGB stars. The presented observations were done with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), which currently offers the highest possible spatial resolution and sensitivity at these wavelengths. With the use of interferometry we are able to resolve the CSEs of the sample stars with unprecedented resolution and quality, down to the scales of dynamical instabilities in the stellar winds.