Abstract (eng)
The dissertation examines the late medieval and early modern landscape of the Lordship of Scharfeneck. The study area covers an area between the Leitha river and lake Neusiedl in eastern Austria, with Scharfeneck Castle and the Leitha Hills at its centre. The primary sources of the thesis are a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS), as this data is ideally suited for documenting preserved archaeological surface remains, an early modern inventory of the estate and various historic maps of the area. This interdisciplinary approach combines established methods and sources applied in archaeological prospection and landscape archaeology, with those of historical research.
Therefore, connecting and separating elements of historical and archaeological research will be addressed first after which related sub-disciplines are discussed. These form the basis of the study and are essential for obtaining new insights through this interdisciplinary approach, which is subsequently discussed. This is followed by a detailed description of the study area, the sources used, and the methods applied. After a brief historical outline of the Lordship, the core of the thesis then deals with the individual landscape elements of the study area. Each of these elements is examined and individually discussed in relationship to the individual sources. These discussions are accompanied by topic-related introductions to the state of research and the subject matter. The departure point of the study is the centrally located castle itself and this is then extended to other fortifications in the study area. Furthermore, the historically grown borders, the traffic routes and the agricultural use of Scharfeneck are examined.
Finally, the synthesis forms an integrated interpretation of the historic landscape of Scharfeneck based on these different landscape elements. It gives the picture of a long diachronic development. The core of the Lordship was probably formed in the High Middle Ages in the course of an internal conflict between the Hungarian Lords of Ödenburg and Wieselburg. Due to the topographical isolation of the area against Hungary and the rest of Ödenburg territory, this conflict was initially decided in favour of Wieselburg. Also the Lords of Scharfeneck and their heirs, who came to the border region, could use this isolation to their advantage by further expanding their independence from the Hungarian crown. The natural resources of the area and a strong strategic position at important trade routes and border crossings helped them. Their centres of power were erected at neuralgic points, but at least in the case of Scharfeneck Castle they also communicated a certain claim to power to their neighbours. The existing agricultural areas were optimally used and divided into large contiguous blocks of acres, meadows and forests according to topographical conditions. Some of the traffic routes crossing the Leitha Hills seem to be older than the villages, that were partly deserted in the late Middle Ages, and they are also respected by the field-systems. A stratigraphic examination of all the path- and field-systems also reflects the late expansion of the Lordship by the northernmost town of Sommerein, which seems to have been accompanied by a concentration of traffic and a relocation of the gallows further north.
The spectrum of methods taken into account here and the associated interdisciplinary approach lead to a better understanding and a comprehensive cultural scientific analysis of the individual late medieval and early modern landscape of Scharfeneck. However, the historical-landscape-archaeological approach and questioning used here should also be understood as a methodological proposal for future investigations of other historic landscapes, in order to overcome the often-criticised fixation of different sub-disciplines of historical research on individual source genres and the resulting separation into object-centered and text-centered disciplines by means of a further promotion of interdisciplinary research approaches.