Abstract (eng)
The aim of this study was to investigate the odor perception of smokers and vapers (e-cigarette consumers) in comparison to non-smokers.
For the study 181 study participants aged 18 to 46 years were selected and divided into three groups: the control group, which consisted of 70 non-smokers (40 women, 30 men), as well as in two investigated groups: smokers (n=66; 32 women, 34 men) and vapers (n=45; 18 women, 27 men). The individuals were evaluated by applying the olfactory test battery “Sniffin‘ Sticks” by Burghart company, which consists of the threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification test. It has been provided by the Department of Nutritional Sciences of the University of Vienna. To assess the olfactory function the TDI-Score has been calculated. Before starting the evaluation, each participant received a letter of agreement and a questionnaire to determine personal data (age, gender etc., state of health, medication, contraceptive use, alcohol consumption), as well as information on their smoke or vape behavior. Additionally, each participant made self-assessment in regard to their olfactory perception.
The results of the threshold test revealed significant differences (p≤0.05) between non-smokers and smokers, as well as smokers and vapers. The difference (p>0.05) between non-smokers and vapers was not statistically significant. The results of the odor discrimination- and odor identification test showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between all three evaluated groups. A further examination concerning the odor identification test showed that depending on whether the participant is a non-smoker, smoker or vaper the error rate of the results varied. Significant differences (p≤0.05) between non-smokers and smokers, as well as smokers and vapers were determined. The evaluation of the TDI-Score revealed significant differences (p≤0.05) between all three evaluated groups. In addition, a possible correlation between pack years (py), the duration of vaping (years), amount of liquid (milliliter) and the results of the threshold test, odor discrimination test, odor identification test and the TDI-Score was examined. There was a significant correlation (p≤0.05) between the pack years and the threshold test, as well as the TDI-Score. The correlation between the pack years and the results of the odor discrimination- and odor identification test was not significant. The duration and amount of vaping did not correlate (p>0.05) with the results of threshold, odor discrimination, odor identification test as well as the TDI-Score.
Generally it can be summarized, that the consumption of cigarettes, in contrast to the use of e-cigarettes, has a negative impact on the olfactory perception. The mean results of smokers were in the range of hyposmia. The consistently good results of the vapers (n=45), who have been former smokers, could indicate reversible damage of cigarette smoking and the regeneration possibilities of the sense of smell after switching from smoking cigarettes to vaping e-cigarettes. However, further research is necessary to clarify the influence of e-cigarette use on the olfactory perception.