Abstract (eng)
In recent years, medical research on yoga is increasing rapidly. Here, yoga, which is originally not a medical intervention but a philosophical and spiritual practice, and nowadays a popular form of sports and relaxation, is brought together with modern biomedicine, its knowledge and methods. In my thesis, I was particularly interested in the conduction of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on yoga, since this method features as the ‘gold-standard’ in current evidence-based medicine (EBM), but also seems to bring along particular problems for the investigation of yoga. I was explicitly interested in investigating the presumed tensions that seem to arise when aiming to investigate yoga in RCTs and explaining it in biomedical terms, and how these are negotiated by researchers. A fundamental assumption of my thesis was that all acts of research and especially processes of setting up a research design involve different acts of valuation. In biomedical research on yoga, various different kinds of values seem to be entangled, relating, for example, to valuing a traditional knowledge or practice in itself, valuing a ‘holistic’ approach to medicine, wanting to benefit patients through establishing a new form of therapy, wanting to be accepted in the mainstream medical system, etc. In my research, I aimed to identify the situated valuations that researchers perform in negotiating the encounter between yoga and biomedicine methodologically as well as theoretically. Beyond this, I was also interested in reconstructing how these concrete valuations are related to broader institutional, structural, and discursive regimes of valuation that exert a certain normative power on the researchers. Theoretically, my thesis thus brings together the investigation of research in the fields of biomedicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) from the perspective of Science and Technology Studies with an approach inspired by the field of valuation studies. Methodologically, I approached my research questions through qualitative interviews with five researchers conducting RCTs on yoga, which were informed by an exploratory document analysis.
In my thesis, I show that yoga manifests in medical research as a multiplicity, taking different forms in different trials, as well as with respect to different local and discursive contexts. I reconstruct five regimes of valuation influencing the researchers’ work, related to good scientific practice, medical ethics/benefiting patients, personal academic success, EBM, and biomedical knowledge, where especially the two latter regimes seem to strongly structure the researchers’ work practices and decisions. Within this contextual framework, different versions of yoga are linked to ambivalent and partially contradicting valuations, with both more and less comprehensive versions of yoga being appreciated for different reasons. Moreover, I identify practices of tinkering with yoga, both on a practical and on a theoretical level, where yoga itself as well as its explanations are adapted to different contexts. Furthermore, the researchers’ valuations of methods turned out to be equally ambivalent, appreciating the RCT for various reasons, but also valuing methodological diversity. Hence, they tinker with methodology in different ways, thereby partially reconciling such ambivalent valuations. Last, also the outcomes of the researchers’ work seem to be of a double-edged nature. While the yoga research was by the participants unequivocally perceived as a positive contribution to medicine, its consequences for yoga were seen as both a promise and a peril – valorising it through raising its acceptance in the medical system, but potentially also threatening yoga through altering it and detaching it from its roots.
Overall, my research shows that the medical yoga research is strongly structured by the methodological framework of EBM, as well as by the understandings of biomedical knowledge. Yet, it simultaneously highlights the multiplicity of values that exists in medical research, and the innovative potential that is inherent to heterarchical constellations of worth, were different valuations exist alongside each other. My thesis thus to some extent problematizes crude hierarchical orderings of worth, of methods, and of knowledge in medical research, and emphasises the benefits that seem to arise from giving room to more complex valuations.