Abstract (eng)
Foraging in groups can be costly because of the many food competitors. But living in a group also offers foragers benefits, such as increased protection from predators. Hamilton's ‘selfish herd theory’ provides an explanation for why animals form groups and also makes predictions about the nearest neighbour distance. According to this theory, the risk of predation increases with the distance to the next group member, and the risk of predation is higher for individuals at the edges of the group than for those in central positions. Concerning food access, the distribution of food resources and the age and social rank of an individual may influence its position within a group as it competes with conspecifics to access food.
The term ‘personality’ is shorthand for the fact that individuals within a group show a range of different, but at the individual level, consistent behavioural response profiles to external stimuli. Consistent behavioural phenotypes such as personality have measurable effects on survival and reproduction and thus contribute to the persistence of populations, species and biodiversity. To date, not much research has been done on the role of personality as a factor affecting an individuals’ spatial position within a group or its access to food. It is possible that different personality types show different foraging spatial location and behavioural access to food resources. The aim of this study is to test whether the personality types of juvenile northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) influence their foraging spatial position and their access to food. The personality was experimentally measured during the nestling phase until day 30, and I observed 20 juvenile ibis with known personality score when they were juveniles aged six months old, foraging in the wild. The personality of the 20 birds spanned a personality axis from passive to active.
To measure spatial location during foraging in the Molln area (summer area of the birds), I scanned the study area along four transects and recorded the spatial distribution of every bird sighted, also relative to other birds in the group. When the birds returned to the Grünau valley (spring/winter area) in autumn, I conducted an experimental food trial. I placed food trays in a line on a field; the trays were filled with the same quality of food but the treatment two condition consisted of two presented food trays (simulating resource scarcity) in the treatment one condition with three trays. The different trials were video recorded to later measure the latency for a juvenile to approach the tray, and to analyze the agonistic interactions during feeding.
There was an effect of juvenile personality on its spatial occurrence within a foraging group. Passive juveniles were more likely to be in the centre of the foraging group and active juveniles at the periphery. There was also a statistically significant effect of group spread on the number and distance to the next group member per juvenile, but no effect of personality on the nearest neighbour distance. Nine juveniles did not return to the spring/winter area, and hence could have been depredated. I compared the spatial position within the group and personality of these nine birds and found that missing birds were more likely to be active birds from the periphery. During the feeding experiments, there was no effect of personality on the latency to approach to feed. However, passive birds received more agonistic interactions than active birds.
This study contributes to our understanding of how personality in a threatened bird species could be linked with survivorship of juveniles across a key life stage.