Abstract (eng)
Viruses have evolved different strategies to evade the host’s immune system. One of these is to target Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize viral infections via conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The immunomodulator A46 of vaccinia virus specifically inhibits TLR4 signaling by targeting the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domains of the receptor itself as well as those of the four canonical adaptors MyD88, MAL, TRAM, and TRIF. Investigating the interaction sites between viral A46 and the TIR-domain of human MyD88 is the main focus of this work. First, four surface-exposed amino acids within the last helix α7 of A46 were mutated in two double-mutants to alanines to abolish their interaction properties. The mutants were recombinantly expressed and successfully purified. Using the observations on MyD88/TIR assembly formation and the destruction thereof by A46 wild-type, a change in destruction caused by the mutants was observed by negative-stain electron microscopy. Two residues (K206 and R209) rendered possible interaction sites to MyD88/TIR. Next, cross-linking experiments confirmed K206 of A46 to be a critical residue for inhibiting MyD88/TIR assemblies and revealed additional residues at the interaction interfaces. In conclusion, A46 interacted with MyD88/TIR in more than one specific way and possibly targeted more than one molecule at the same time. Furthermore, A46 cross-linked to all assembly interfaces of MyD88/TIR. These findings explain on a structural level how viral A46 efficiently inhibits MyD88 assembly and thus, allows vaccinia virus to successfully evade the host’s immune system.