Abstract (eng)
The concept of pollination syndromes is used to study and analyze convergences in floral trait
combinations across flowering plants. Pollination syndromes are based on the assumption that
pollinators with similar behavior, morphology and sensory system (functional group) exert similar
selective pressure on a flower, leading to convergent floral phenotypes irrespective of phylogenetic
affinities. In one of the largest plant families worldwide, Melastomataceae (ca. 5400 sp.), pollination
syndromes have only been described in one tribe of ca. 300 species, the Merianieae. For Merianieae,
three well differentiated pollination syndromes (“buzz-bee”, “passerine”, “mixed-vertebrate”) were
reported. Importantly, these syndromes were best characterized by highly system-specific traits and
only to a lesser extent by floral traits important in traditional pollination syndrome studies. To date,
it remains unclear whether these specialized pollination syndromes are applicable also to other
Melastomataceae tribes.
In my thesis, I hence tested whether the three pollination syndromes put forward for Merianieae
(“buzz-bee”, “passerine”, “mixed-vertebrate”) are also found in three other Neotropical
Melastomataceae tribes (Melastomeae, Blakeeae, Miconieae), and whether the same traits are
important in differentiating syndromes across these tribes. Further, I investigated which traits differ
between the three pollination syndromes and whether the different pollination syndromes differ in
morphological diversity (i.e. disparity). To answer these questions, I collected flowers and observed
pollinators during a fieldtrip to Costa Rica and Colombia in February and March 2020 and compiled
a trait matrix of 74 functional traits across 59 species of the four Neotropical tribes (Melastomeae,
Blakeeae, Miconieae, Merianieae) where pollinator shifts occurred. I used statistical classification
methods (Random Forest Analyses) to sort flowers into pollination syndromes, and multivariate
statistics based on a dissimilarity matrix to test for differences between and within the different
pollination syndromes.
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I found that two of the three pollination syndromes (“buzz-bee” and “mixed-vertebrate”) found in
Merianieae were also clearly detected in the three other tribes while the “passerine” pollination
syndrome only occurs in the tribe Merianieae. Note, that I had one species (Brachyotum ledifolium)
in my data set that was exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, hence I excluded this syndrome
from disparity and trait importance analyses. All syndromes were significantly different from each
other, except for the “hummingbird” syndrome. Like in Merianieae, I found that system-specific
traits were of high importance in differentiating the three pollination syndromes (“known mode of
pollen expulsion”, “reward type”, “corolla shape”). Furthermore, I found the highest disparity
within the “buzz-bee” syndrome, followed by the “mixed-vertebrate” syndrome. I could not reliably
classify four species (Tibouchina mollis, Miconia reducens, Clidemia epiphytica, Aciotis levyana)
into either of the four pollination syndromes (“buzz-bee”, “mixed-vertebrate”, “passerine” and
“hummingbird”) either because of missing data (e.g. T. mollis) or because the species may actually
exhibit other syndromes (Miconia reducens). I found strong evidence for an extreme case of selfpollination
in Miconia reducens, and possibly, a “selfing” syndrome needs to be included in future
studies in Melastomataceae pollination syndromes. Aciotis levyana and Clidemia epiphytica on the
other hand, possibly belong to a “generalists” syndrome (some generalist species occur in the tribe
Miconieae) or may be pollinated by some other functional pollinator group (i.e. tiny flies or
coleoptera). In conclusion, the highly system-specific floral traits identified as important in
delineating pollination syndromes in Merianieae appear useful also across Melastomataceae.
Additional fieldwork and wider taxon sampling are required, however, as well as the potential
consideration of additional (i.e. selfing, generalist) syndromes.