Abstract (eng)
Our modern society heavily depends on metallic elements and their reliable, sustainable supply to meet our growing demand and to sustain our current lifestyle. Increasingly complex technologies have contributed to an increase in both the number and supply of specific metallic elements needed to manufacture these devices. The key in understanding which raw materials can be utilized in future energy systems lies in estimating the availability of these materials through quantitative assessments and predictions. This study aims at placing smartphones in its geoscientific context by identifying the metallic content in smartphones and its potential to increase the availability of specific metallic elements through recycling.
Smartphones are continuously cited for containing many different strategic metallic elements, and they are mentioned in discussions about future supply and criticality of metals, as well as for metal stocks of the urban mine for potential recycling solutions. Smartphones are also frequently discussed in the context of sustainable sourcing, conflict minerals, and potential circular economy concepts. With high sale numbers of 1.4 billion devices sold each year yet very low recycling rates, smartphones seem to be the prime example to combine today’s sustainability issues with everyone’s concern.
In spite of their importance, data for newer smartphone generations are still missing, and no detailed values for metallic content are publicly available.
This thesis combines the development of an analytical method to quantify 53 metallic elements in smartphones and the thorough investigation of the metals’ geoscientific importance with focus on occurrence, production, demand, supply, recycling, and sustainability. Additionally, the impact of smartphones on commodity markets and potential availability of metallic elements is investigated.
The elemental composition of complete smartphones is facilitated both qualitatively and quantitatively using mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry. The results are used to document the raw material demand for the production of these types of smartphones. This allows to generate a product-specific database for smartphones and their mineral resources with a main focus on metallic elements: their geological occurrence and economic importance (production rates and countries), their metal stocks to discuss potential supply risks, criticality, and recycling, as well as possible circularity concepts.
The general public often does not connect geologic occurrence and mining of the metallic elements with smartphones. This vastly underestimates the importance of geoscientific investigations and their applications to provide for society’s wellbeing. This study aims to close this knowledge gap and combines geoscientific results with a field study in modern translational research for development of an educational module.