Abstract (eng)
The mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME) are food contaminants of natural biotic origin reported to exert various adverse effects in vitro. Yet, limited information is available about the toxicokinetics – absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion – of these compounds, specifically quantitative data regarding the concentration profile and kinetic parameters of the toxins are scarce.
Thus, this work aimed to unravel the phase I metabolism of AOH and AME in NADPH-fortified liver microsomes, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To pursue this goal, porcine, rat, and human hepatic microsomes were incubated with AOH or AME in a concentration range of 1-100 and 1-50 µM, respectively. The concentration-incubation time profile of the parent toxins and their metabolites was monitored with HPLC-MS/MS and HR-MS measurements. Deriving from these gathered data, this is the first study to report the total transformation rates of oxidative AOH and AME metabolism. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of the metabolic conversion were estimated based on the Michaelis-Menten model and the linear regression approach, providing valuable information for developing a physiologically-based toxicokinetic model for AOH and AME.
These incubation tests with liver microsomes originating from three different mammalian species allowed analysing interspecies variations. Indeed, the metabolic activity towards AME was significantly higher in pooled microsomal fractions of rats than of humans or particularly of porcine microsomes. Furthermore, the previously reported pattern of oxidative metabolites showing species-specific variations could be confirmed and completed. Both the qualitative and quantitative data dealing with interspecies differences highlight the significance of using in vitro models deriving from the respective species of interest. Otherwise, false assumptions might be drawn regarding the efficiency or mode of metabolism of xenobiotics.
Moreover, the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 was exposed to 10 µM AOH or AME aiming to determine the main metabolites and quantify them besides the parent toxins. As a result, sulphates were identified and quantified as the major detoxification products of both AOH and AME in this cell line. Although the high sulphotransferase activity in HepG2 cells is well-known in literature – to the best of my knowledge – no publications addressed the sulphation of AOH and AME in HepG2 cells.
The long-term objective of this research would be to estimate local concentrations of xenobiotics in specific organs via PBTK modelling, facilitating an understanding of the mode of action of their adverse health effects. Producing more quantitative data is indispensable to pursue this goal. This work as one of the few studies dealing with the toxicokinetics in AOH and AME contributed to reaching this overall aim.