Abstract (eng)
In recent years, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has significantly advanced, and possible EV involvement has been shown in a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Also, their possible regenerative applications have attracted special interest, especially in regeneration of severe peripheral nerve injuries. Proliferating Schwann cells (SCs) have been identified as the key players of peripheral nerve regeneration, and are therefore targeted in novel therapeutic approaches. Several studies have reported pro-regenerative effects of adipose stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) following internalization by SCs. To harness the full potential of EVs, it is imperative to understand the interaction with target cells. This study aims at characterizing the internalization of ASC-EVs by SCs. First, energy-dependency of EV internalization was established by applying a temperature block and inhibiting the mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, SCs were treated with inhibitors for macropinocytosis (MP) and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) prior to incubation with fluorescently labeled ASC-EVs. Internalization was then analyzed with imaging flow cytometry, combining high throughput analysis with spatial information gained by microscopy.
The inhibition of CME significantly decreased the internalization of ASC-EVs, but did not completely block it, suggesting that SCs internalize ASC-EVs primarily, but not exclusively, by CME. Hence, additional modes of entry need to be explored.
The modes of interaction and internalization of EVs are not sufficiently described yet. Nonetheless, the research field of EV biology is constantly growing, bringing together scientists from different genres, with the goal of understanding EVs and how to best employ them in regenerative medicine.