Abstract (eng)
Caloric restriction (CR) lowers the incidence of multiple diseases, promotes longevity, and is one of the primary intervention tools applied for weight loss. The presented project aimed to investigate potential mechanisms required for the beneficial effects of CR in the gastrointestinal tract and the involvement of taurine, bile acids, and the gut microbiota in response to CR. Mice were submitted to CR, over-night fasting, antibiotics treatment, and fecal transplant. For housing CR mice, wood, cellulose, and corncob beddings were used. Hunger level, bedding consumption, and feces production were evaluated. Metabolites, fatty acids, bile acids, GSH, taurine, and taurine conjugates were analysed using LC-MS. Cecum was sequenced to assess bacterial abundance. Antioxidative capacity was measured in the intestine epithelium using ESR. In connection with the glutathione system, gene expression, protein concentrations, and activity were measured. The expression of genes responsible for taurine and bile acid synthesis and transport were analysed. Taurine transport capacity was assessed by ex vivo intestinal sacs assay. CR applied to mice resulted in increased consumption of cage bedding which affected multiple physiological parameters as well as cecum microbiota and metabolome. CR increased taurine and bile acid (BA) production in the liver, export of BAs from the liver into the gastrointestinal tract, and deconjugation of taurine-conjugated BAs. Subsequently, it promoted the creation of various taurine conjugates as well as their reabsorption into the bloodstream. Glutathione (GSH), next to CR, was identified as a promoter of intestinal taurine absorption. Depleting gut microbiota by applying antibiotics reduced the CR-driven conjugation of GSH and taurine, modified the composition of the BA pool; however, BA synthesis, transport, and taurine production remained unchanged. Reintroducing microbiota from CR mice to antibiotic-treated mice by fecal transplantation increased the conjugative capacity of GSH transferases and the occurrence of GSH-taurine and other taurine conjugates. Our results show that CR significantly increases the consumption of cage bedding-derived fibre by mice. Therefore, future CR experiments involving rodents should provide information on the bedding used and should consider the effects of increased fibre consumption. Furthermore, a novel connection has been established between taurine, BAs, GSH, and the microbiota, which could be an important mediator of CR-related health benefits.