Abstract (eng)
Primula auricula was chosen to test its suitability as an ecological model system, by analysing the phenotypic variability of chemical and botanical characters in populations from two recognized subspecies auricula and balbisii, along altitudinal gradients in different geographic locations. These subspecies are inter alia distinguished by the presence/absence of farina, i.e. farinose exudate/oily exudate. Both exudate types originate from glandular trichome excretion and consist primarily of unsubstituted flavone and of other flavones with unusual substitution patterns typical of the genus Primula (“Primula-type” flavones). Flavone is present in conspicuous amounts in farinose exudates, suggesting farina and flavone as highly functional characters (e.g. frost tolerance). Exudates were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC-UV, and correlated to phenology, trichome density, and morphology by statistical methods. Generally, farina production increased gradually with elevation. Unsubstituted flavone was accumulated in highest amounts, confirming its role in freezing tolerance, and accompanied by lower proportions of substituted Primula‐type flavones. Amounts, chemical diversity, and composition of exudates were mainly influenced by season and leaf developmental stage and increased during leaf bud formation in autumn, suggesting a protective function for young tissues against harsh winters. Large amounts of exudates on enfolding spring leaves indicate an effect against UV‐irradiation. Furthermore, morphologically transitional populations between the two subspecies, exhibited high proportional variability and intermediate farina amounts, with no clear-cut separation of subspecies evident. Thus, the observed gradual chemical and morphological differentiations in the studied populations point rather to a strong ecological influence of habitat, climate and season on character expression.