Abstract (eng)
From April to May 2016, in IODP-ICDP Expedition 364, the peak ring of the ~200-km diameter, and ~66.05 Ma Chicxulub impact structure (Yucatán peninsula, Mexico) was drilled and led to the recovery of a continuous 829 m core (M0077A). This provided a unique opportunity to investigate the nature, properties, and composition of the peak-ring rocks and the mechanism of their formation. The core was divided into four main lithological units, from top to bottom: (1) a ~112 m-thick post-impact Paleogene, carbonate-rich sedimentary rock section (from 505.7 to 617.3 mbsf [meters below sea floor]), with the bottom of unit (1) defined as a ~75 cm-thick, fine-grained and carbonate-rich transitional unit (from 616.58 to 617.33 mbsf), marking the uppermost part of the Chicxulub peak ring; (2) a ∼98 m impact melt-bearing polymict impact breccia (defined as suevite) unit (from 617.3 to 715.6 mbsf); (3) a ∼31 m thick impact melt rock sequence (from 715.6 to 747.0 mbsf), also termed as the upper impact melt rock (UIM) unit; and (4) a crystalline basement rock unit (from 747.0 to 1334.7 mbsf) mainly made of shocked, fractured, and deformed, coarse-grained granite, which is cross-cut by different types of pre-impact volcanic dikes (dolerite, felsite, and dacite) and intercalations of impact melt rock-bearing units (LIMB). This thesis presents detailed investigations on the petrography, geochemistry, and shock metamorphism of 219 samples from the Chicxulub peak ring, in order to characterize suevite, impact melt rock, granitic basement, and pre-impact dike or clast (dolerite, amphibolite, felsite, and dacite) lithologies. The data obtained give important insights on how the peak ring rocks emplaced, refining the scenario of the impact event, the nature of the Yucatán peninsula basement, and the fate of the Chicxulub impactor. The ~600 m-thick granitic basement is characterized as a high-K, calc-alkaline and metaluminous granite, with K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite (commonly chloritized) as main mineral components. The major and trace element compositions of granite samples are relatively homogenous throughout the drill core, which is consistent with previous studies showing that the granite intruded the Maya block of the Yucatán peninsula in a volcanic arc context (during the Carboniferous). The Sr–Nd isotope data indicate that a fluid metasomatic event occurred ~50 Myr after granite formation (possibly related to the first stages of Pangea breakup), and that a minor Grenville-aged basement component has been involved in the granite source. In addition, the granite was further altered by the onset of a long-lived post-impact hydrothermal system, with fluid circulation enhanced by the presence of fractures, preferentially affecting fluid-mobile element contents. Universal stage investigations of shocked quartz grains within the granite unit indicate a relatively high shock level, with the presence of multiple planar fracture (PF) sets, associated feather features (FFs), and an average of 2.8 planar deformation feature (PDF) sets per grain, which is higher than in all previously investigated drill cores from Chicxulub and most K–Pg boundary sites for which detailed reports are available. Based on PDF orientations, shock pressures experienced by the granite were estimated between ~16 and ~18 GPa, with a slight shock attenuation with increasing depth within the core. Further optical microscope and scanning electron microscope observations have shown the presence of shock-induced planar microstructures in feldspar, apatite, and titanite, while fracturing was observed in zircon grains. Additionally, kinkbanding is commonly observed in micas. The impact melt rocks are distinct between the UIM and the LIMB. The UIM is mainly composed of two intermingled, and chemically distinct, impact melt rock phases, i.e., a SiO2-rich and trachyandesitic, clast-poor black impact melt, and a CaO-rich green phase, composed mainly of secondary clay minerals and sparitic calcite, while the LIMB is similar to the black impact melt rock (but is clast-poor to clast-rich), with an absence of carbonate material. Major and trace element compositions of the impact melt rocks primarily reflect mixing between mafic (dolerite) and felsic (granite) components, with the incorporation of carbonate material in the UIM unit. Measurements of highly siderophile element contents and Re–Os isotopic compositions did not reveal any unambiguous or detectable meteoritic component, excepted one UIM sample having a possible (~0.01–0.05%) chondritic component. This is similar to most of the previous studies that have shown that impactites within the Chicxulub impact structure contain less than 0.1% of a meteoritic contribution. This may be explained by the presence of a significant mafic component (dolerite) within the impact melt rocks, and post-impact hydrothermal alteration processes that have probably remobilized Re and Os in impact melt rocks and pre-impact lithologies. However, the low amount of meteoritic material preserved within impactites of the Chicxulub impact structure is consistent with the assumed steeply-inclined trajectory of the Chicxulub impactor, leading to enhanced vaporization, and incorporation of projectile material within the expansion plume (up to 5% of meteoritic material identified in some distal K–Pg boundary sites), the impact velocity, and the volatile-rich target lithologies. The suevite unit is mainly made of angular to sub-rounded clasts in a fine-grained, micritic carbonate matrix, with a general trend of increasing clast size with increasing depth within the core (from <1 cm at 620 mbsf to more than ~10 cm at 710–720 mbsf). Clast types are mainly altered vitric (glassy) melts, carbonates, impact melt rocks, shocked and unshocked minerals (quartz, and feldspar, generally derived from the crystalline basement), and pre-impact lithologies (e.g., granite, gneiss, dolerite, amphibolite). Fossils (mainly foraminifera) are also preserved within the matrix of the suevite unit. Quartz grains are shocked (PFs and PDFs), and some are toasted. Ballen silica is also present. In general, major element contents of the suevite show a decrease in CaO and an increase in SiO2 contents with increasing depth, due to the felsic basement clasts being more abundant in the lower part of the suevite over carbonates than in the upper part of the core. The suevite sequence was divided into three subunits, from top to bottom: (a) ~3.5 m-thick bedded suevite, (b) ~89 m-thick graded suevite, and (c) ~5.6 m-thick non-graded suevite. A possible scenario of the suevite sequence emplacement suggests that debris-poor ocean water entered the Chicxulub crater from a gap in the N-NE outer rim and reached the peak ring site ~30 minutes after the impact, interacting with the hot impact melt rock, and causing quench fragmentation (phreatomagmatic-like processes), leading to non-graded suevite emplacement. The following hours, the impact structure was flooded by debris-rich ocean resurge, leading to the deposition of the graded suevite. With the ocean resurge energy decreasing, seiche waves then dominated the deposition processes and formed the bedded suevite. Finally, less than twenty years after the impact, slow deposition of atmospheric fallout of very fine dust enriched in meteoritic material (~0.1% of chondritic component and positive iridium anomaly) lead to the formation of the transitional unit.