Abstract (eng)
Due to extrinsic environmental factors such as available nutrition or hygiene standards, human life expectancy has increased enormously in the last two decades. Nevertheless, due to other factors (e.g., inactivity and overeating), the number of chronic and age-related diseases is increasing, and we are far from living a fully healthy and long life. Current treatments are primarily aimed at suppressing symptoms of pre-existing diseases rather than targeting the disease directly. Today there is no doubt that daily habits have a significant impact on short- and long-term health, quality of life, and longevity. Research into alternative treatments and “lifestyle medicine”, is becoming increasingly important and three main pillars of health have been defined: 1. exercise, 2. nutrition, and 3. mental health. Epigenetic biomarkers play an important role in the early detection and treatment of these diseases and could possibly be used as an “early warning system” for nutritional deficits, chronic psychological stress, or overtraining to counteract them with appropriate nutrition and training. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to examine and identify such biomarkers in dried capillary blood that are related to exercise, nutrition, and psychological stress. We were able to identify 15 promising biomarkers, some of which could serve as indicators for acute/chronic stress, while others appear to reflect micronutrient status or provide information on inflammation and cardiovascular fitness. Furthermore, a combination of multiple epigenetic biomarkers, especially miRNAs (e.g., our “fitness score”), appears to provide a more accurate diagnosis than traditional single markers.