Abstract (eng)
Economic frameworks and contexts determined the scope of action of rulers and thus significantly shaped politics, economy, and society of medieval Europe. Although financial factors are often used to explain political decisions and developments, there are hardly any in-depth studies on the functioning of medieval royal finance. First and foremost, there is a lack of robust data, comparative studies, and case studies on territorial principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. This study addresses these desiderata by analysing economic policy, financial management, revenues, expenditures, and credit of the counts of Tyrol from the late thirteenth century to the early fifteenth century quantitatively, qualitatively, and by comparisons with other late medieval princes, such as those of England, France, Flanders, or Austria. A theoretical point of departure for the systematic study of the princes‘ finances is the Bonney-Ormrod model, published in 1999 and hardly applied by medievalists so far. With this model, four ideal types of historical financing systems can be described and distinguished on the basis of 18 criteria. The source material for the study is mainly administrative documents, i.e. charters, chancery books, tax lists, estate registers, accounts and account books. The Tyrolean Account Books (Tiroler Raitbücher), which survive since 1288 and were kept as account registers until the 1430ies, are the most important sources for the quantitative and qualitative analysis. Central interest of the investigation is the functioning of late medieval princely finance: What measures did princes such as the counts of Tyrol use to influence economic developments and conditions, and what goals did they pursue in doing so? How did the financial administration work and who were the officials? What sources of revenue were available to late medieval monarchs? What role did taxes play in comparison with manorial income, tolls and other revenues? How high were the expenses of princely rule? What did war and the royal court cost? What role did debts and credits play? The study shows that medieval princes intervened actively and in the economies of their territories, that financial administration before the 15th century was rarely dominated by the chamber, that royal revenues seldom dominated by taxes, and that high costs could be covered by means of complex credit transactions.