Abstract (eng)
In the last decades increasing attention has been drawn to the formation of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and its environmental impact. HABs are a natural phenomenon in which one or a few algae in benthic waters form vast overgrowths with detrimental events to their local ecosystems, most notably massive fish kills. It has been clearly observed that HABs are increasing in both frequency and intensity so much so that both the scientific community and policy makers are called upon to combat this world-wide problem. The “red/golden tides”, as they are colloquially called, plague mostly near-shore marine waters, but also far-shore waters, rivers, and lakes. These events may result in massive fish kills, adverse economic effects, severe animal and human health hazards and even human deaths. Aquacultures of fish are especially vulnerable to HABs as the fish are enclosed and cannot escape to cleaner waters. In fact, the consequences of the phenomenon can be so profound and far reaching, that Igarashi et al., goes as far as to characterize HABs as a natural disaster equivalent to forest fires, earthquakes, and hurricanes. In contrast to such disasters though, HABs are clearly reinforced by what researchers’ term as “cultural eutrophication”. More worryingly, global warming is most likely to further exacerbate the problem and increase its frequency (Hallegraeff et al., 2004). Notable examples would be the massive beaching of invertebrate species in 2016 in Cucao Bay in Chiloé island (Álvarez et al., 2019), and the most recent Prymnesium parvum (P. parvum) HAB in the river Oder in Poland/Germany in July/August 2022 (https://www.igb-berlin.de/news/verdacht-erhaertet-sich-algengift-einer-brackwasser-art-oderwasser-nachgewiesen). It is very encouraging, that both the scientific community and policy makers recognize the severity of this problem and are investing time and resources to investigate the phenomenon and its causes, and research ways to prevent its occurrence and mitigate its effects on the environment and the communities. Furthermore, advances in science and engineering have allowed more sophisticated methods to be utilized in monitoring afflicted waters. The most notable example would be the use of satellite technologies. Expanded empirical knowledge has contributed to wider knowledge of the problem and more coordinated efforts against it. However, there are still many gaps in our understanding of the phenomenon. For instance, we do not fully comprehend the effect of stratification in the growth of HABs. Another elusive but nonetheless important factor are the effects of temperature to algae and their toxins. HABs are very site- and species-specific which complicates and often hinders the extrapolation of generalized theories. For example, toxins of one species might be photodegradable and toxins from another might be stable and capable of bioaccumulation. The required response to each situation would naturally vary significantly. Furthermore, all the different factors are interconnected making it impossible (or even erroneous) to study these factors in isolation. Despite the complicated and multifaceted nature of HABs, since they negatively affect their environment so profoundly, research efforts must be redoubled in order to fully elucidate the roots of this problem, its underlying mechanisms and most importantly, the most effective prevention and/or mitigation strategies.