Abstract (eng)
This master’s thesis examines the effectiveness of pre- and probiotic, fasting and caloric restriction interventions for depression and investigates thereby the role of butyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, as those metabolites might play a key role in the properties of the studied interventions. Butyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are similar due to their structure and additionally seem to have similar physiological influencing properties. That’s why literature was obtained, and a meta-analysis conducted with the three included pre-and probiotic intervention RCTs. A significant increase of butyrate (SMD 0,34; [0,02 – 0,67]) and an improvement of depression scores (SMD 0,15, [-0,35 - 0,70]) through the pre-and probiotic interventions could be shown. Beside butyrate, also SCFA concentration seems to be positively associated with pre- and probiotic administration (SMD 0,55 [0,15 - 0,95]. Despite of the significant SCFA and butyrate concentration changes, no significant correlation between either butyrate and depression nor SCFA and depression could be shown through linear regression models. Nevertheless, the calculated outcomes (b1 = 1,57; p = 0,17) for butyrate and (b1 = 0,75; p = 0,44) for SCFA, suggests a strong, positive connection between butyrate and depression, which’s effect might be limited by acetate, propionate, valerate and hexanoat concentrations. With also the heterogeneity measure I2 being 0% all the variances of the effect size estimates are explainable through SE, which means that all effects can be attributed to the interventions. This strengthens the evidence of the findings and underlines butyrate’s key role in the gut-brain-microbiome axis properties on mood, depression, and brain-health. Additionally, three studies were qualitatively analyzed examining fasting as intervention. A possible connection between fasting, beta-hydroxybutyrate and depression was found. Also, depression or mood enhancement seemed to be associated to BHB concentration, which may be explainable through similar biochemical properties of BHB and butyrate. Furthermore, caloric restriction as potential long-term intervention was mentioned as alternative to fasting as well as further needed studies stated.