Abstract (eng)
A key pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the presence of Lewy pathology (LP), which refers to intraneuronal inclusion bodies, termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, that are primarily composed of the protein Alpha-Synuclein. With respect to LP, this work addresses three main issues: 1) What are the arguments for and against the hypothesis that the gut is the onset site for LP before brain involvement? 2) Does the gut microbiome have an impact on the PD pathogenesis? 3) How does Lewy pathology leads to neurodegeneration in the brain? Although many studies support the gut-origin hypothesis, it is still considered controversial, as there are too little cases of “gut-only” LP. Other researchers attempt to explain this controversy by proposing that there are multiple phenotypes: body-first and brain-first PD. In regard to the gut microbiome, it has been clearly shown that PD patients have differences in Beta-diversity compared to controls, particularly a reduction in SCFA-producing bacteria, which in turn is associated to the increased permeability in the large intestines observed in PD patients. Such a „leaky gut” may play a causative role in PD, as the translocation of bacterial derived pro-inflammatory products, such as LPS, could induce Alpha-Syn aggregation. These Alpha-Syn aggregates exert their dopaminergic neurotoxicity through compromising various intracellular mechanisms and contribute significantly to the uncontrolled neuroinflammation in PD.