Abstract (eng)
Dante and Virgil in Hell (1850), one of the early works by the French salon painter William Adolphe Bouguereau, was rediscovered by art research after the year 2000 and examined in terms of its iconography, style and its place in the artist’s career. Towards the end of the 2010s, however, a new focus of research interest came to the fore: the painting is now being recontextualized as a (homo-)erotic depiction of male nudes. Inspired by this reinterpretation, this paper analyzes Bouguereau’s Dante and Virgil from the perspective of gender and queer studies as a site of construction, interpretation and evaluation of masculinities, focusing on the role of virility, violence and eroticism in the image of masculinity represented by the combatting damned. To this end, iconography, stylistic analysis, art theory and studies of the socio-historical context will be used as tools of critical queer-feminist art analysis. This paper argues that Bouguereau’s painting makes the conflicting ideals of 19th century masculinity its subject. In this context, the meaning of the hyper-virile, violent and erotically charged masculinity constructed in the painting’s main motif proves to be ambiguous. On the one hand, its characteristics – excessively muscular male body, animalistic aggressiveness and unbridled sexuality – are conceptualized as transgressive and worthy of condemnation. On the other hand, the combatting male nudes are visually valorized by purely artistic means such as composition, lighting and color and staged as figures of identification for the viewers. This ambiguity invalidates the moral message about proper and improper masculinity intended by the artist and creates a framework for the modern reevaluation of the painting by art scholars as well as by non-professional queer viewers.