Abstract (eng)
Unlike Newton’s theory of gravitation, Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that Earth’s gravitational field induces phase shifts not only in massive particles but also in single photons. Whereas gravitationally induced interference in massive particles has been demonstrated multiple times, experiments have yet to reach the sensitivities required to measure the analogous effect on light. While the GRAVITES project aims to demonstrate this effect in an optical fiber interferometer in the coming years, rigorous theoretical models of such experiments are still lacking. Despite the fact that quantum field theory in curved space-times is a fully developed theoretical framework, previous descriptions of such effects of gravity on single photons have relied mainly on hybrid models combining the theory of quantum optics in flat space-time with semi-classical models of light propagation in curved space-times. This thesis develops a comprehensive theory of quantum optics in curved space-times, superseding these simplified models, and demonstrates its capability of modeling experiments on gravitational effects in single-photon interferometry. Specifically, this thesis introduces a set of gauge-fixed Maxwell equations modeling light propagation in dielectrics that are located in an arbitrarily curved space-time. For stationary gravitational fields, a Gupta–Bleuler quantization scheme, based on these equations, is developed using the algebraic formulation of quantum field theory. Explicit solutions to the field equations are then obtained for arbitrarily curved step-index optical fibers in arbitrary stationary gravitational fields using a perturbative multiscale method. The combination of these results yields a consistent description of the interference of single photons and pairs of entangled photons in non-inertial systems that takes into account, in particular, the rotation and gravity of Earth. Whereas previous work on this subject was limited to weak gravity and a small class of optical fiber geometries, the model developed here applies to arbitrarily strong gravitational fields and allows for arbitrary fiber geometries. The GRAVITES experiment is planned to test the predictions made here, thus performing the first test of quantum field theory in curved space-times on the laboratory scale.