Abstract (eng)
The main driver for our Earth’s climate system is the differential heating of the atmosphere between lower and higher latitudes, causing global atmospheric circulations. The Earth’s atmosphere can be considered as a heat engine operating between warm and cold reservoirs, as warm air from the Tropics is transported towards the Poles. However, these transport patterns are quite complicated and are influenced by natural climate variabilities, which have huge impacts on regions worldwide. The most important variability is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influencing extreme events around the world, e.g. droughts. So far, associated processes are mainly studied using Eulerian methods. In this thesis, a new perspective is added by studying the atmospheric transport associated with ENSO and related extreme events using the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART. The air from specific regions is traced forward or backward, identifying where the energy is coming from or transported to. In the first part of the work, the air is traced forward from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and its impact on distant regions is analyzed, based on a Lagrangian Reanalysis. A direct link is established between the Pacific and distant regions, e.g. the Atlantic Ocean. For example, it is shown that moist air from the Pacific promotes increased precipitation in the southeastern USA during El Niño. The second part of this thesis addresses compound drought and heat events (CDHEs) over the western Amazon, focusing on the role of atmospheric transport. The western Amazon is mainly covered by tropical rain forest, playing an important role for the Earth’s climate system. The air is traced 10 days backward for 21 identified CDHEs and the climatology. The Amazon basin is strongly influenced by ENSO, therefore, this study further addresses how the CDHEs are related to it. Events occurring during El Niño show a stronger mass transport from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, with already warmer and drier air 10 days prior to arrival. In the third part of this thesis I focus on an extreme heat wave over the Pacific Northwest (PNW) occurring in June 2021. The air was traced 25 days backward and compared with other extreme heat waves from this region. The results of this study show that anomalously warm and moist air from the Tropics was transported over long distances to the mid-latitudes, causing the extreme heat event. The results of this thesis demonstrate how Lagrangian modeling can be used to gain better understanding on the mechanisms of ENSO and individual extreme events.