Abstract (eng)
This work provides a fundamental introduction to mathematical logic. It starts by providing historical background to the topics covered in the thesis. The first attempts to formalize mathematics are outlined. After that, the main part is divided into three further main focuses. The second chapter looks at formal systems in general and introduces important concepts of metamathematics. In particular, propositional logic and first order logic are analyzed in detail as the basis for the following chapters. In the third part of the thesis, Peano arithmetic is introduced as the foundation of classical mathematics. Using the axioms and deductive tools, theorems from classical number theory are formulated and proved within Peano arithmetic. In the final part of the thesis, the main results of Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems from 1931 are analyzed, which provide information about the meta-properties of Peano arithmetic and other formal systems of mathematics.