Abstract (eng)
Waterbelt states play a crucial role in enhancing the survivability of life on a planet under extreme conditions such as Snowball events, providing a vital refuge amidst harsh environmental challenges. This thesis explores the dynamics of Snowball Earth, which most likely occurred at least three times in Earth's history, focusing on identifying the geological plausibility of waterbelt states using the ExoCAM climate model. These waterbelt states represent an alternative to a Snowball Earth scenario with globally frozen oceans. I investigate the existence and characteristics of these climate states through simulations, confirming stable waterbelt states and identifying critical bifurcation points across varying atmospheric CO₂ levels. Comparative analyses with other climate models reveal diverse representations and dependencies on model properties. Compared to previous studies using the CAM and ICON climate models, ExoCAM exhibits an expanded range of radiative forcing with a stable waterbelt state. The interruption of the ice-albedo runaway feedback is essential for stabilizing the ice edge in the tropics. Enhanced reflectivity of snow-covered sea ice, in comparison to the albedo of open ocean, would otherwise lead to a Snowball bifurcation with globally frozen oceans. In ExoCAM, the reduced reflectivity of bare sea ice near the ice edge stabilizes the system in the waterbelt state, where the average ice edge is found at approximately ±15° latitude. This stable waterbelt state in ExoCAM occurs within atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ranging from 45 to 8000 ppmv. The onset of transition from a temperate, ice-free state is found at 1400 ppmv CO₂, highlighting the geological plausibility of the waterbelt state in ExoCAM. The analysis of ExoCAM simulations reveals the characteristics of waterbelt states, encompassing precipitation, evaporation, seasonal ice coverage, albedo, the impact of clouds on incoming solar radiation and top-of-the-atmosphere energy balance. Furthermore, the thesis includes a comprehensive installation guide for ExoCAM on high-performance computer systems.