Abstract (eng)
In the dynamic digital landscape, young people navigate complex online environments, which are often flooded with fake news. This underscores the urgent need to cultivate critical media literacy and analytical thinking skills from an early age in schools. This dissertation examines the development of digital competencies in secondary school pupils with the objective of counteracting disinformation. It considers the required competencies, the impact of pedagogical interventions, and innovative tools for the enhancement of multiliteracy in pupils. The qualitative methods used in this work include guideline-based interviews, focus groups, video ethnography, written field notes and co-creation. The findings highlight three critical areas of digital competence: information management, opinion management, and identity management. To raise pupils’ awareness of the potential for disinformation it is necessary to understand the nature of online interactions, the functioning of algorithms, and the construction of digital identities. Two stages of teaching and learning are suggested with regard to multiliteracy to counter disinformation. Firstly, pupils in lower secondary schools (ages 10-14) can develop basic digital competences through phenomenon-based learning. Critical evaluation of sources, assessment of credibility, and analysis of information using new digital tools help pupils develop multiliteracy, technical skills, and self-management skills. In contrast, upper secondary pupils (ages 15-18) benefit from inoculation theory and civic online reasoning, which helps them deepen their understanding of disinformation. These approaches need to be holistic, cross-curricular and recurring, starting at age of 10 and embedded throughout the education system. The results also highlight the importance of visuality and trust when using proximity and accessibility to evaluate digital sources. Proximity to familiar human actors, such as classmates or well-known companies, and the accessibility of visually appealing, professionally designed information can enhance the level of trust of pupils. A serious game that was developed as part of the work is also highlighted as an innovative tool that can enhance digital competencies. The game encourages critical thinking and reflection on cybersecurity issues. The findings of this dissertation indicate that a multifaceted approach that combines theoretical frameworks, open pedagogy formats, practical applications and innovative tools can enhance the ability of secondary school pupils to navigate and critically assess digital information. This, in turn, may help equip pupils with the necessary skills to navigate online environments safely and critically.