Abstract (eng)
There are many ways of measuring biodiversity, besides ‘simply’ counting species. For example, functional and genetic diversity capture information on the ecological traits of organisms or their genetic variation and divergence. Phylogenetic diversity measures the diversity of phylogenetic lineages within a species assemblage by including information on their evolutionary history and position on the phylogenetic tree. There are different ways of calculating phylogenetic diversity (PD), for example Faith’ PD is the sum of phylogenetic branch lengths present in a set of species. In this study phylogenetic diversity (Faith’ PD) and structure, as well as phylogenetic endemism of European Sterrhinae (Geometridae, Lepidoptera) was investigated and described for the first time, using a grid-based approach with a spatial resolution of 50 x 50 km. Distribution data was digitized from taxonomic literature and extended with records from local literature and GBIF. For calculating the phylogeny, mitochondrial COI sequences were used, in addition with nuclear markers. In Europe, Sterrhinae are predominantly xerothermophilous, the larvae of many of which can feed on dead or decaying plant material. This distinguishes them from other geometrids. The results of this study show that PD was generally high in species rich regions, which are southwestern Europe and parts of the Balkans, however highlighting additional areas such as the entire Mediterranean coast and adjacent areas of Southern Europe as hotspots for PD. Not only was PD correlated with species richness, but also with latitude, while the positive relationship with mean annual temperature was not significant after correcting for spatial autocorrelation. Further metrics, such as net relatedness index and nearest taxon index indicated, that the diverse regions in Southern Europe host clusters of evolutionary older lineages, while recent phylogenetic clustering occurred mainly in Northern Europe. Hotspots of phylogenetic endemism were identified in the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean Islands, southern France and Italy, and Greece. Using the CANAPE approach those areas were found to host both neo- and paleo-endemism and in some parts super-endemism. When looking at ecological traits, such as diet breadth, voltinism and range size, a latitudinal gradient was detected: diet breadth and restriction to a single generation per year increased with higher latitudes, possibly due to harsher environments. Range size of European Sterrhinae was generally larger in higher latitudes. While species richness was following a rather clear latitudinal gradient, patterns of PD appeared more fine-structured, showing for example intermediate – high diversity in the temperate regions of Central Europe. The results of this thesis suggest that the incorporation of different diversity metrics adds important information to biodiversity studies.