Abstract (eng)
The 70 year time period starting with the Austrian-Hungarian north polar expedition in 1872/74 under Carl Weyprecht, was subject to fundamental change in social life, social security, hierarchy, scientific and technical developments, and political boundary conditions. Polar exploration in the “heroic age“ culminated in the race to the poles, and were perceived by the public either as national victory or national tragedy. Scientific achievements stepped into the background, as well as the social components, which sometimes decided between success and defeat, but which almost always determined the personal perception and satisfaction of all persons involved.
Social history, or “history from below“, from polar exploration of this time only recently became the subject of scholarly research. This dissertation begins to fill this gap by looking more closely at partly unpublished sources, like diaries and ship journals, but also previously published and sometimes less known sources. The primarily investigated expeditions are: Weyprecht (1872 – 1874), Drygalski (1901 – 1903), Filchner (1911 – 1912), and Wegener (1930 – 1931). Besides those expeditions, comparisons have been made to other expeditions in the same time period, also from other countries.
The main findings from this research are the following. The diary of the sailor and ice pilot Björvik, supplemented by the diary of Dr. Gazert, revealed unknown details on the Drygalski and Filchner expeditions from the point of view of a normal crew member and a scientific member. This gives insight in the hierarchy and internal conflicts, which partly explains the different course and outcomes of the expeditions. It was possible to investigate the financial security such as wages, personal insurance, and supplementary payments, which together with career plans influenced the decision for participation. There is new insight in the selection of expedition members, which was sometimes not driven only by skills but national or personal aspects. This had a major impact on the outcome of the Filchner expedition. Other aspects investigated are health and food, suicide, and death, which had not only immediate impact on the expeditions, but on the life of members afterwards as well as the public perception. Finally, and closely related to the points above, the skills of leadership and professionality of the figure heads reflect the degree of satisfaction of expedition members.
Ultimately, conclusions can be drawn on how social life influenced the everyday life in the polar environment, not only at that time, but also during present day polar expeditions.