Abstract (eng)
In porous sedimentary rocks, fault zones are frequently accompanied by deformation bands. These tabular zones of displacement indicate predominant grain rotation and in many cases grain fracturing. These mechanisms often result in a significant reduction of porosity and permeability. Deformation bands usually show displacements of only a few millimeters to centimeters, and similar thickness, and cannot be captured by seismic measurements.
This study analyzed five core samples taken from a well in a hydrocarbon reservoir, the Matzen Field, of the Vienna Basin. The well is located near large normal faults. The samples were selected from depths between 1647.5m and 1656.5m, where deformation bands were identified. The Badenian terrigeneous Matzen sandstones contain predominantly quartz, feldspar and dolomite as sub-rounded, detrital grains bearing weak cementation. Normal faults with several tens to hundreds of meters of displacement are well documented from seismic sections, whereas deformation bands in this reservoir have not been studied in detail. These structures may be associated with a significant reduction in porosity, and may thus create barriers to the migration of hydrocarbons and result in a compartmentalization of the reservoir during migration, charging or production.
Deformation bands occur as single bands of up to 4mm width, or as strands of several bands with up to 5cm thickness. Based on grain size analyses of detrital quartz, cataclastic grain size reduction within the bands can be documented. A reduction of porosity within the deformation bands can already be recognized macroscopically and is confirmed by image analysis from back-scattered electron (BSE) images. The porosity is reduced from 20-30% in the host rock to 1-9% in the deformation bands.
In contrast to most published examples of deformation bands in terrigeneous sandstones, the reduction of porosity is predominantly caused by precipitation of Fe-dolomite cement within the bands, and only subordinately by cataclasis. The chemical composition of this cement differs from the detrital dolomite grains of the host rock. The dolomite cement shows 10-12wt% FeO content, in contrast to the detrital dolomite grains with less than 2wt% FeO. This observation suggests that the cement is not derived from the detrital grains, but precipitated from a fluid from an external source.
In summary, the evolution of deformation bands in the Matzen reservoir can be characterized as follows: After an initial increase of porosity by dilation, disaggregation and fragmentation of detrital grains, a Fe-rich carbonate fluid crystallized within the bands, thereby reducing the porosity relative to the host sediment. Regarding the origin of the Fe-rich dolomite cement, it is postulated that fluids enriched in Fe and Mg originating from underlying shale layers were precipitated within the bands.
Different degrees of oil staining on either side of the bands demonstrate that these cementation bands act as effective barriers to the migration of hydrocarbons and should be considered in reservoir models.