Abstract (eng)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of organisational characteristics on female executive board representation in large US corporations. The examined organisational characteristics act as proxies for not directly observable policies and practices regarding human resources at US corporations. The observed differences between companies provide insight into the role of these policies and practices in facilitating or impairing the career advancement of female management professionals in the United States. For the empirical analysis, data on S&P 500 companies were retrieved from S&P’s Compustat Fundamentals Annually and Compustat Execucomp. Subsequently, a series of cross-sectional regression analyses were conducted. The findings suggest that a majority of US corporations discriminate against female candidates for vacancies on the executive board based on the job attractiveness of the advertised vacancies. Furthermore, the study findings indicate that certain policies and practices which are more likely to be found in relatively larger corporations increase female executive board representation. The findings maintain that female executive officers might exhibit greater risk aversion with respect to personal income compared to their male colleagues. Finally, the existence of token effects is rejected. A number of limitations to the study exist. Race, ethnic background and a series of further personal characteristics of executive officers remain unobserved. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design of the study leaves temporal effects disregarded. Although the sample was drawn exclusively from US corporations, the conclusions are likely to be, at least partly, applicable to other countries. In practice, this study suggests that female executive officers may profit from working for relatively larger employers. However, female job candidates are more likely to be appointed to precarious positions on the executive board. Contrary to token theory, women in top management appear to support, rather than to hinder, the career advancement of their female colleagues. From a corporate perspective, employers struggling to increase gender diversity in the composition of the executive board may consider the findings of this study and adapt their policies and practices accordingly. In particular, employers may consider adapting their compensation schemes for executive officers in order to increase job attractiveness for women. From a scientific perspective, this study contributes to a small but potentially important body of literature on the role of employers regarding gender diversity and equal employment opportunities.