Abstract (eng)
Factors controlling trophoblast differentiation and migration are of great interest to better understand placental development and function. Since comparative gene chip analyses revealed T-cell factor 4 (TCF-4) as one of the most upregulated genes in invasive extravillous trophoblasts, the canonical Wnt signaling cascade in the human placenta is in focus of this study. In particular, the role of TCF-4 as part of the nuclear complex of the cascade in an activating as well as in a repressive context, is described.
Besides the analysis of expression patterns of members of the transcriptional complex including the LEF/TCF and, TLE families as well as Pygopus in the human placenta, inhibition of the cascade using siRNA-mediated TCF-4 silencing or a chemical inhibitor of TCF-4-β catenin binding, was performed to study the influence of TCF-4 on trophoblasts. Canonical Wnt reporter assays in SGHPL-5 cells, used as an invasive trophoblastic model system, showed reduced basal as well as induced activity in Wnt signaling-repressed cells compared to control cells. Migration of SGHPL-5 cells was found to be reduced under Wnt inhibition, whereas the proliferation rate of these cells was not affected. Furthermore, levels of MMPs and members of the PAI-uPA system were unchanged in TCF-4 repressed cells, but expression of the fibronectin receptor ITGA5, was shown to be reduced.
In extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), isolated from first trimester placentae, we found that canonical Wnt signaling is active and inducible in vitro. Moreover, activity of canonical Wnt signaling in villous explant cultures showned an increase in more distally migrated EVT compared to proximal cell column trophoblasts.
In Wnt-inhibited EVTs, migration was reduced and villous explant cultures also showed a clear decrease of outgrowing and migrating EVTs upon inhibition of Wnt. Furthermore, the decrease of integrin alpha 1 and 5 in TCF-4 silenced EVTs indicates that the differentiation process of these cells was slowed down. Changes of EVT morphology under Wnt inhibition strenghten this assumption.
In summary we conclude that TCF-4 is an important factor for extravillous trophoblast migration and differentiation.