Abstract (eng)
The rediscovered European identity crisis, combined with a general lack of legitimacy of European institutions due to the long recognized democratic deficit, raises the question whether such a thing as a European identity actually exists and whether its existence is required in order for the European political project to succeed.
The debate on European identity and cultural policy, most recently caused by the massive rejection of the Constitutional Treaty in 2005, originated at the very beginning of what we know today as the EU. With the “Declaration on European Identity” signed in 1973, the heads of government of the member states took the first step towards a European cultural policy. However, it took twenty years until an independent article on culture that constituted the EUs cultural responsibility, was finally introduced in the Maastricht Treaty. It took yet another decade, before the EU proposed an (almost) all cultural activities – literature, visual arts, music – encompassing cultural program, “Culture 2000”, which should set new standards in trans-European cultural cooperations.
Why cultural policy, what is it for and how does it work? Does it show a tendency towards homogenization or does the European motto “Unity in Diversity” prevail? How does a culturally designed European identity fit into the cultural policy frame? How resilient is this concept and what is the EUs position in the midst a discourse on “cultural hegemony”?
Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony shall help to address the European cultural and identity debate, to highlight the inherent political objectives and motivations. Combining cultural hegemony with the concept of Cultural Diplomacy, may help to extract the socio-political impact of European cultural identity constructions on Europe’s south-eastern periphery in particular.