Abstract (eng)
The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. This globular protein takes part in an important post-translational modification cycle, similar to, but quite distinct from ubiquitylation. SUMO is conjugated to a substrate protein via an isopeptide bond, connecting the C-terminal glycine of SUMO to a lysine in the substrate. This process is accomplished by the coordinated action of three enzymes: an activating enzyme (E1), a conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ligase (E3). SUMOylation can have opposing consequences, as some SUMOylated proteins are targeted for degradation, while others are protected from it. SUMO can be both activation and repression mark for transcription processes. Conjugation of SUMO can create or hide interaction surfaces for its substrate, or it can change the subcellular localisation of the substrate.
Several features make the study of SUMOylation in plants an exciting endeavour. Plants have one activating and one conjugating enzyme for SUMO. There are eight different SUMO isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, only half of which have been studied. As SUMOylation is essential, knocking out either the E1, or the E2, or SUMO1/2 is lethal. On one hand, only two plant SUMO ligases are currently known. This is a striking contrast to the ubiquitin E3 ligases, which number more than a thousand. On the other hand, a myriad of SUMOylation substrates have been identified, with functions ranging from stress signal transduction, through flowering time control, to the maintenance of key cellular features such as amino acid biosynthesis and DNA damage repair.
Despite the fact that many proteins can be SUMOylated, only a subset of them is modified at any given moment. Some substrates are SUMOylated only transiently, in a response to a certain stimulus, after which the modification is reversed by the action of specific proteases. How specificity to the large amount of identified substrates is achieved was the driving question behind this study. A bioinformatic search looking for novel possible SUMO ligases discovered two genes with unknown structure and function. The studies to characterise these two proteins led to the following results:
A. Describing the biochemical mechanism of the thioester transfer from Arabidopsis E1 to E2 with the help of an E2 active site point mutant, which additionally displayed stunted growth.
B. The analysis of SUMO ligase knock-out mutants demonstrated that they have a cumulative effect on the global SUMOylation in plant osmotic and salt stress.
C. Identifying a possible role for the SUMO ligase SIZ1 in post-germination abscisic acid signal transduction.
D. Identification of a SUMO E4 ligase, PIAL2, which converts monomeric SUMO and short SUMO chains into longer ones in vitro.
E. The biochemical characterisation of this E4 ligase showed that its chain extension activity is regulated by SUMO in vitro.
F. The SUMOylation of Lys15 in E2 is necessary for SUMO chain formation, especially in the absence of a ligase.