Abstract (eng)
Cancer cachexia is a serious wasting disorder, observed in 50-80% of all cancer patients. It is developed by final stage cancer patients, leads to the massive loss of body fat and muscle and accounts for up to 20% of all cancer related deaths. The ability to induce cachexia is not only depended on the tumor type, but also on the host factors. However, the driving mechanisms behind that are not fully understood and sufficient treatment methods are not yet available. Aim of this work was to investigate serum proteome alterations characteristic for cancer cachexia. Therefore, an untargeted high resolution MS-based screening (Q Exactive) was combined with a targeted MRM/MS analysis strategy (QqQ). Serum samples from non cachectic and cachectic final stage melanoma patients were kindly provided by Dr. Reichle (Universitätsklinikum Regensburg), whereas healthy serum was gathered in house. Two different serum pre treatment techniques, namely SDS PAGE fractionation and depletion, were compared based on their shotgun MS results. Thereby, it was found that depletion leads to a higher number of quantifiable proteins with better quality. The serum depletion in combination with in solution digestion was then used for all further experiments. For the target protein panel development, three samples per biological group (non cachectic, cachectic, healthy) were analyzed via shotgun MS measurements. Protein identification was performed by searching the shotgun data against a human proteome database using MaxQuant. The implemented Label-free quantification algorithm further was enabled to perform relative protein quantification across the biological groups. Statistical evaluation was thereafter performed using Perseus. An MRM target panel was developed for all significantly regulated proteins (fold change ≥ 2; p ≤ 0.05) with biological significance. Based on the high resolution shotgun data, interference free peptides and precursor ions were selected for unscheduled MRM measurements. 93 proteins (188 peptides) were send for unscheduled MRM measurements and only interference free transitions with sufficient signal intensities were processed further. Based on the unscheduled MRM data, a scheduled MRM assay was developed for 58 highly significant proteins (92 peptides). The MRM assay as well as the serum pre treatment method did undergo thoroughly method evaluation, reviling a highly reproducible method. The evaluated MRM assay was used for rapid (20 min run time) and precise (<25% CV) measurements of patients samples. Three patient samples per biological group were analyzed and the determined protein levels were statistical evaluated for significant regulations (fold change ≥ 2, p ≤ 0.05). Thereby, 13 serum proteins were identified to be specifically regulated in cachectic samples compared to non-cachetic and healthy samples. Those included mainly cell adhesion-associated as well as pro inflammatory proteins. In addition 23 regulated proteins with low specificity to cachexia were discovered. These proteins are mostly involved in the immune response and tumor metastasis. At least a panel of 9 very unspecific tumor-induced regulations was found, containing typical acute phase proteins. As a last step, protein expression of all regulated proteins over time was assessed by the MRM measurements. This was performed for three cachectic and three non cachectic patients, to ensure stability of the possible marker proteins as well as to screen for possible prognostic markers. Five serum samples (donated in monthly intervals) were analyzed per patient and variations in protein expression were calculated over time. The results showed systematic trends that are most likely caused by the serum gathering process and no evidence for biological reasons. As the outcomes of this systematic trend are not very strong, most findings of serum alterations can still be accounted as significant. However for further projects and for the search of progression markers this finding needs to be taken in account.
This work presents a robust workflow for fast and sensitive quantification of 58 proteins in human serum. The demonstrated strategy of combining untargeted screening with a precise target analysis can easily be implemented and thereafter used for the rapid and accurate measurements of a multitude of patient’s samples. This would pave the way towards a better understanding of cancer cachexia and thereby point out possible clinical applications.