Abstract (eng)
“Warriors versus working men?” – An entheses and joint study on the Early Medieval skeletal remains of Thunau/Kamp
The combination of two supposed indicators of activity on the skeleton, i.e. frequency of entheseal changes (EC) and osteoarthritis (OA), should give a broader insight into the daily activities of two early medieval (9th/10th century A.D.) skeletal populations from Thunau/Kamp, Austria. They were recovered at two archaeological sub-sites: one is a fortified settlement at the “Schanzberg”, including a necropolis on a hill plateau within and next to the remains of a fortified manor house. Supposedly it was at least partially reserved for a “social elite” and included burials of “warriors” (“uphill site”). The other site is a large riverine settlement at the foot of this hill, a “suburb”, where burials and a probably craft-production oriented settlement area were discovered (“downhill site”). Social differences between the two sites have been deduced from archaeological analysis (settlement structures and grave goods). The age structure in the two groups is very similar. The skeletons were analysed for selected fibrocartilaginous entheseal changes (EC) and joint alterations (OA), which were finally pooled functionally for comparison. Males and females were compared separately. A covariance of the features was hypothesized. Furthermore, sex and population differences, an increase of EC and OA with increasing age, and a social difference between the archaeological sites (in this case warriors versus working men) between the two groups were hypothesized and tested by the statistical group analyses. Only a weak association could be found for the covariance of EC and OA, a relationship is somewhat more accentuated in both male groups. During analysis, other differences were detected between the two populations. Both sexes in all groups show high frequencies in OA, but high EC frequencies were only found in males, and the increase of changes with higher age can be confirmed for all individuals in both groups. The downhill males and females show more distinct asymmetric changes in entheses and joints than the uphill group, especially in the upper limb, pointing to a stronger involvement in physical work. Additionally, the data of the downhill females show a younger age when the changes first appear compared to the uphill females, and a higher mobility of the former is indicated (significantly higher frequency and scores in the right hip entheses). Overall, these results reflect an earlier entry into worklife of the downhill females as well as a stronger involvement in physically demanding tasks in their life. Concerning the uphill males, significant entheseal changes are mainly visible between the young and the middle age group, indicating work related changes. In addition, significant results in the hip joints on both body sides between the series were found, where the downhill males showed higher scores, providing an indication of greater mobility of the latter. Moreover, the downhill males display the highest frequencies of entheseal changes in some shoulder and elbow entheses and a distinctly stronger asymmetry in two entheses, especially in the upper extremity, and significant in one upper and one lower extremity enthesis. Assuming that the downhill males were traditionally more involved in physical work, these findings probably represent not only higher mobility but also greater specialisation due to their obviously craft production related tasks. Otherwise, when comparing the “uphill warriors” to the “downhill working men”, activity patterns that would be related to “warriors” do not seem to be reflected in the group statistics, but noticeable sex-related group differences between the Schanzberg and the valley samples are apparent. Therefore, these results highly reflect the potential of the methodological combination for group analyses, providing relevant information on the social organisation of activities and occupational behaviour in past societies.