Abstract (eng)
Acanthaceae, a mostly tropical and subtropical plant family of roughly 4000 species, is well known for its morphological diversity. This diversity confronted researchers of the last decades with several problems that partly remained unsolved up to the present. For instance, it is still not clear whether the three main subfamilies of Acanthaceae – namely Acanthoideae, Nelsonioideae and Thunbergioideae – all comprise species that feature fruits with explosive opening mechanisms to enable active seed dispersal. Already existing studies provide numerous contradictions concerning this particular issue. In this thesis, the existence of these extraordinary fruit explosion strategies within the three subfamilies at hand was investigated. Concerning the origin of these fruits in more detail, fruits of various Acanthoideae representatives, Elytraria carolinensis (as representative of Nelsonioideae) and Thunbergia alata (as representative of Thunbergioideae) were examined. In order to investigate the fruits, which were collected at the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna and during my field studies at, or rather nearby, the Tropical Research Station La Gamba in Costa Rica, different approaches were implemented. On the one hand, fruit development and structure were investigated utilizing stereo microscopy, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Micro CT-scans to provide new insights into these outstanding fruits. On the other hand, seed dispersal experiments were executed by using high-speed video recording of mature capsules on the verge of seed dispersion. The most significant findings of this study are, firstly, that despite all contradictions in the literature, species featuring explosively opening fruits are present in all three subfamilies of Acanthaceae. Secondly, as their morphological diversity might already reveal, the subfamilies possess similar tissue layers which are most likely causing the fruit explosion. However, the best compositions of these, in fact, three cell layers are located at different positions within the fruits of Acanthoideae, Nelsonioideae and Thunbergioideae, respectively. Thirdly, this study adds new results to the topic of hygrochastically or xerochastically opening capsules with the help of the seed dispersal experiments. In more detail, several species which were thought to explode only due to additional humidification, thus hygrochastically, were found to explode also during desiccation, therefore xerochastically. As a result, the investigations conducted within the context of this thesis offered new insights into the structure and function of the explosively opening fruits and might be of great significance for future studies on acanthaceous fruits.