Abstract (eng)
In addition to the oldest known impact structure on Earth, the 2.02-billion-year-old Vredefort Structure in South Africa, the earliest evidence for impact processes on the Earth are Early Archean spherule beds, embedded in the 3.23 to 3.47-billion-year-old successions of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) South Africa, and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. These spherule layers, resulting from impacts by large extraterrestrial objects, represent the only known possible traces of the asteroid or and comet bombardment of the early Earth, and they have been interpreted as impact ejecta and may have formed as condensation products in the impact vapor plume and/or ballistically ejected liquid droplets.
Aiming at the identification of extraterrestrial components and the determination of diagenetic and metamorphic history of spherule layers, this study is focused on the CT3 drill core from the north-eastern BGB, South Africa, where 17 spherule layer intersections have been identified at various depths in the core. This work presents petrographic and geochemical data of spherule layers as well as their host rocks to provide new insight into the early terrestrial impact bombardment.
Chapter 3 of this thesis presents a full and detailed investigation of the seventeen spherule layers and intercalated country rocks regarding petrology and major and trace element geochemistry. This allows determining to identify alteration process, to study the depositional environment, to constrain any possible duplications of layers within the drill core, to classify the spherule layers and to correlate CT3 spherule layers with the other BGB spherule layers that have been investigated in previous studies. These mm-sized spherules have likely formed in a large meteorite impact event, with supporting evidence from the petrographic characteristics of the spherules being similar to previously investigated spherule layers from other parts of the BGB. The petrographic and geochemical findings indicate a moderate to strong hydrothermal overprint of all lithologies in the studied drill core section, at least in part, retained a meteoritic fingerprint. The impact hypothesis for the generation of the CT3 spherule layers is supported by correlations between the abundances of siderophile (Cr, Co, Ni, Ir) elements, whose peak concentrations and interelement ratios are within the range of those for chondrites.
Chapter 4 presents results of the Os isotopic and highly siderophile elements investigation of the CT3 layers, being complementary to Chapter 3 in order to investigate the possible presence of an extraterrestrial admixture within CT3 spherule layers. This study provides extremely enriched in highly siderophile element (Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, and Pd) concentrations and rhenium-osmium isotope evidence for a chondritic projectile further support the impact hypothesis. In addition, it cannot be excluded either that secondary effects, such as hydrothermal alteration and metamorphic overprint, may have affected the primary HSE element abundances of the spherule deposits.
The last two chapters 5 and 6 include two papers co-authored by the author of this thesis. These articles represent the investigations on four spherule layers from another drill core, the BARB5, from the central Barberton Greenstone Belt. In Chapter 5, Schulz et al. (under review), focuses on geochemical analyses and Re-Os isotope signatures of these four spherule horizons and undertakes the comparison with geochemical data obtained from earlier investigated layers. While geochemical fingerprints of other spherule layers are often obscured by extensive hydrothermal overprint, the BARB5 samples retain primary (impact-derived) signatures, allowing, for the first time, to disentangle geochemically the variations in impactor components within and between spherule layers. This work reveals the evidence for extraterrestrial admixtures, ranging between 40 and up to 100% and suggests moderate post-impact remobilization of transition metals and HSE.
Lastly, chapter 6 by Fritz et al. (2016), focuses on petrographic and sedimentary features, as well as major and trace element compositions of lithologies from the micrometer to kilometer-scale which contains spherule layers’ occurrences in BARB5 drill core. This work presents the results of visual observation, infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging, and micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) of drill cores. The μXRF element maps show that spherule layers have similar petrographic and geochemical characteristics but differences in (1) sorting of two types of spherules and (2) occurrence of primary minerals (Ni-Cr spinel and zircon). In the end, the paper favors a single impact scenario followed by post-impact reworking and subsequent alteration.