Abstract (eng)
One decade after the discovery of graphene, scientific research on two-dimensional (2D) materials is far from being exhausted. The enthusiasm that accompanied the first experimental studies on graphene, has now spread to many other layered crystals, which show unique properties. Because of their inherent atomic thickness, 2D materials can be conveniently studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which has become one of the most powerful and widely employed tools in this field of research. The Ångstrom-level resolution of modern TEMs allows the characterization of 2D materials on the atomic scale, enabling profound understanding of their structural properties. In this thesis, I explore the possibilities of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) beyond traditional imaging based on a four-dimensional (4D) microscopy approach in which the intensity of the scattered electron beam is recorded on a 2D detector at each point of the 2D scanned image. This technique is employed to extract information from 2D materials that could not be accessed by conventional imaging. In particular, I study the three-dimensional atomic structure of a van der Waals crystal consisting of a suspended bilayer of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, showing that this heterostructure distorts in the out-of-plane direction due to a periodical modulation of the interaction strength between the two layers. Next, I discuss theoretically the possibility of identifying 12 C and 13 C carbon isotopes on the atomic scale in a 13 C-enriched graphene sample. For this work, I simulated the energy loss of electrons elastically scattered to high angles for both isotopes, showing that a tiny difference in the signal should indeed allow unambiguous isotope identification, and I show the first experimental steps in this direction. Finally, I explore a different approach for discerning between isotopes: beam induced knock-on damage is quantified for graphene samples consisting of either 12 C or 13 C atoms, and it is then employed for probing the local isotope concentration in a mixed sample. In conclusion, this work shows how new detection geometries and unconventional techniques in the STEM can successfully contribute to the research on 2D materials.