Abstract (eng)
The transmission of an electrical signal from one neuron to another is the fundamental process for communication of brain and muscle. This neurotransmission happens at the synapse, where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal to overcome the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are held in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis upon stimulation by an action potential. First, the arriving action potential causes voltage-gated Ca2+-channels to open. The incoming Ca2+- ions bind to the Ca2+- sensor Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1), which facilitates membrane fusion between the vesicular and the presynaptic cell membrane. Syt-1 inserts into the presynaptic cell membrane and therefore causes the membrane to bend. The resulting curvature brings both membranes in close proximity and therefore helps to overcome the energy barrier for both membranes to fuse. A fusion pore opens up and the neurotransmitters move into the synaptic cleft via diffusion. (1, 11)
The interaction between Syt-1 and the membrane is believed to occur with its Ca2+- binding loops orientated towards the presynaptic cell membrane and furthermore them inserting into the membrane. (11, 12, 22) Syt-1 also holds the polybasic lysine stretch (K324, K325, K326, K327) and two arginine amino acids (R398, R399), which have been reported to interact with membranes as well. (23) However, the exact molecular interface between the membranes, Syt-1 and the also participating SNARE-complex, has not been finally determined yet. (34)
Up to now, the exact compositions of vesicular and presynaptic cell membrane remain unknown. Therefore, the influence of different types of membrane lipids on the process of membrane fusion triggered by Syt-1 needs to be further investigated. Especially PIP2 and cholesterol are believed to have major influence on the likelihood of binding and therefore on the process of neurotransmission itself. (23, 51)
In this diploma thesis, we present multiple coarse-grained free molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the Synaptotagmin-1 C2B-domain and different types of membranes. We aimed to generate unbiased simulations in order to catch the proteins most favoured interactions. Therefore, we placed the C2B-domain between two membranes of the same composition and ran simulations of 500ns each. We settled for seven systems with different membrane compositions and executed them with two different structures of the Syt-1 C2B-domain. Using these final systems, we performed a total of 46 runs per protein, which accounts for a total of 46,80 microseconds.
Interestingly, the membrane insertion of the Ca2+-binding pockets was not observed. Instead, the most frequent interaction happened between the polybasic lysine stretch and PIP2. We showed a clear dependence on the membranes composition with regard to PIP2, as the likelihood of protein-membrane interaction increased with higher PIP2-concentration. Also, the influence of Ca2+ on the membrane and therefore on the probability of interaction was disclosed.
Taken together, we found proof that the Syt-1 C2B-domain is able to interact with multiple parts of its structure, which are likely to play an additional role in membrane fusion next to loops-first membrane insertion.