Abstract (eng)
The environment we grow up in has a strong influence on our developmental trajectory and future success, and can be mediated by parental age and experience. Older individuals have experience, and may be of better quality than younger individuals not yet exposed to the rigours of natural selection. Therefore, older individuals may have access to better quality resources to support their offspring. In general, the role of parents' age for offspring environmental experience has not been much studied in non-human animals, which is a knowledge gap this thesis hopes to fill. Like humans, songbirds learn their vocalisations from a vocal tutor. Recent studies have shown that neighbourhood song influences the song repertoire of vocal learning birds. Here I ask if a father's age predicts where he will build his nest, and what acoustic neighbourhood his offspring will grow up in. I test this question in two Darwin's finch species on the Galápagos Islands, the Small Tree Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) and Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa). Darwin’s finches belong to the songbirds and are therefore vocal production learners that acquire their song from a tutor. Usually, the father is the vocal tutor, but young birds can also attend to the songs of neighbouring conspecifics. I focus on males in this system because they build the nest and choose the nest site, and in these Darwin's finches, males become increasingly black with each year of moult until 5+ years old. This creates the rare opportunity to test effects of male age on nest site location and singing behaviour near the nest. To answer that, I used GoPro cameras placed at 55 nests with eggs and chicks to record singing activity within 25 m of the nest. I recorded male age, nest site characteristics, and number of con- and heterospecific songs. I tested the following predictions. Older males will nest in hot-spot areas with more heterospecific singing neighbours. Conversely, younger males will have fewer heterospecific neighbours and more conspecific singing neighbours. Older males will build nests with more vegetation cover, in taller trees, and with higher nesting height, and this will confer safety against predation. If there is a cost to having many singing neighbours, I predict increased nest predation at nests with higher singing activity. The results lead to the following insights. Older males built nests in areas with more heterospecific singing neighbours than younger males. Therefore, the eggs and chicks in nests of older males were exposed to more species-rich song. While older males built nests in areas with more vegetation cover, this was not associated with predation risk. Also, I found no effect of neighbourhood singing activity on predation risk. In conclusion the early life environment of the offspring of Small Tree Finches and Small Ground Finches differs depending on the age of the father and the environment in which older males establish their territories. How that might affect future preferences and behaviour of the offspring in later life should be investigated in future studies.